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Expanded Drake Equation Calculator

Adjust the values below to calculate the estimated number of communicative civilizations, including moons and comets:

Rate of star formation (R*):

Fraction of stars with planets (fp):

Average number of habitable planets per star (ne):

Fraction of habitable planets that develop life (fl):

Fraction of life that develops intelligent life (fi):

Fraction of intelligent civilizations that can communicate (fc):

Length of time civilizations release signals (L) in years:

Average number of moons per planet that may support life:

Estimated number of comets that may harbor life in a galaxy:

Known Universe Scale (set to 1):

Unknown Universe Scale (relative to known universe):

Estimated civilizations in the known universe: 0

Estimated civilizations in the unknown universe: 0

Tokamak Energy Calculator

Tokamak Energy Output & Risk Calculator

Select a Tokamak or Reactor:Select Reactor Material:Human Engineering Quality (1-10):Fusion Method:

Results

Net Energy Output:

Estimated Annual Cost:

Initial Investment:

Reactor Longevity:

Planetary Destruction Potential: